Clinical Studies

Circulation, stroke, heart attack, spinal cord injury, and traumatic brain injury may soon be amenable to LLLT (Boston Massachusetts General Hospital Photomedical Wellman Center Nov. 2nd, 2011)

Cancer Research Related

Currently around 5,000 papers regarding LLLT called photobiomodulation have been published. From these papers, outstanding papers have been reported on the American national institute of health, national medical library (National Center for Biotechnology Information website – NCBI) Click the link below to see the appropriate research at the NIH website. On the menu on the right of this website, you can read research papers that are similar to the mentioned above.

Correlation of Photobiomodulation and cancer treatment

Light therapy can directly damage tumor and enhance other cancer treatment… (Boston Massachusetts General Hospital Photomedical Wellman Center, 2018 May 1st)

Photobiomodulation for the Control of Radiotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis: A Clinical Study in Head and Neck Cancer Patients.

Oral mucositis is a common and repetitive severe side effect of head and neck cancer treatment. Using LLLT Photobiomodulation, it is found that it has effect on oral mucositis

Photobiomodulation at Multiple Wavelengths Differentially Modulates Oxidative Stress

Photobiomodulation has been arising as an effective mean to treat inflammatory diseases in ascites (ex. Oral Mucositis) in cancer patients undergoing radiation or chemotherapy

Treatment of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: Systematic Review and Recommendations.

Chemotherapy-induced CIPN is a common disease caused from chemotherapy….(Texas university MD Anderson Cancer Center, Huston medical unit, 2018 Nov;21(6))

Optimal clinical treatment for oral mucositis is Photobiomodulation…?

USA New York Rochester university, medical center Eastman dental center 2018, May 22nd)

Analysis study of oral mucositis treatment as a result of chemotherapy

Brazil Rio de Janeiro R. Andre Cavalcanti clinical research national research institute of science, 2018, Jan, vol 33

Photobiomodulation as a factor that enhances radiation sensitivity

Photobiomodulation enhances radiation sensitivity by causing apoptosis of cervical cancer cells

Biological effects and medical applications of infrared radiation

Boston Massachusetts General Hospital & National Taiwan University Biomedical informatics department, 2017 April 13th

Low level laser therapy (Photobiomodulation therapy) for breast cancer-related lymphedema: a systematic review

Breast cancer related lymphedema (BCRL) is a prevalent complication secondary to cancer treatments which significantly impacts the physical and psychological health of breast cancer survivors. (New Zealand Dunedin University of Otago, National Rehabilitation Center, 2017 December 7th)

Photobiomodulation of breast and cervical cancer stem cells using low-intensity laser irradiation

Boston Massachusetts General Hospital Photomedical Wellman Center 2017 June 6t

The use of low-level light therapy in supportive care for patients with breast cancer

Belgium Martelarenlaan Hasselt University Life Science Department, 2016 Aug 19th

Near-infrared probe for fluorescent imaging-guided photothermal therapy in breast cancer

Chinese Nanjing university medical school cancer research center, clinical tumor research center, 2017 Dec 26th

Photobiomodulation therapy for the management of radiation-induced dermatitis

(Germany Offenbach Starkenburg Radiation tumor department 2017 june)

Walker Tumor PBM & LLLT effect

Brazil San Paulo university pharmacology research center, 2017 Sept 18th

Brain disease related

Currently around 5,000 papers regarding LLLT called photobiomodulation have been published. From these papers, outstanding papers have been reported on the American national institute of health, national medical library (National Center for Biotechnology Information website – NCBI).

Click the link below to see the appropriate research at the NIH website. On the menu on the right of this website, you can read research papers that are similar to the mentioned above.

Shining light on the head: Photobiomodulation for brain disorders

There is an evidence that Photobiomodultion (PBM) has positive effect on the brain. (Boston Massachusetts General HospitalWellman Center Dec 6th 2016)

A Protocol for Transcranial Photobiomodulation Therapy in Mice.

Transcranial photobiomodulation is a potential innovative noninvasive therapeutic approach for improving brain bioenergetics, brain function in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, and memory enhancement in age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases.

Relationship of peripheral tissue conditioning and neuroprotective strategy study through Parkinson’s

(Austrailia, Newsouthwales Sydney University Bosch Institute 2018 Jan 31st)

Effects of transcranial LED therapy on severe acute traumatic brain injury and cognitive recovery: a clinical study…

Near-infrared wavelengths (800-900 nm) and red (600 nm) light-emitting diodes (LED) are able to penetrate through the scalp and skull and have the potential to improve the subnormal cellular activity of compromised brain tissue (Brazil San Paulo Medical school neurosurgical department, 2018 April 24th)

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) to treat brain damage

Brain damage, such as Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) treatment including Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) or PBM (Photobiomodulation)

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) to treat brain damage

There was significant improvement after 12 weeks of PBM. Increased function, better sleep, fewer angry outbursts, less anxiety, and wandering were reported post-PBM. (Canada Ontario Orangeville Medical Committee 2017 Aug 1st)

Evidence for encephalopsin immunoreactivity in interneurones and striosomes of the monkey striatum.

Parkinsonian (MPTP) insult and/or photobiomodulation (670 nm) had any impact on encephalopsin expression in this key area… (Department of Anatomy F13, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia, 2018 Jan 29th)

No evidence for toxicity after long-term photobiomodulation in normal non-human primates.

University of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, CLINATEX, MINATEC Campus, 38000, 2017 Oct)

New paradigm of Photobiomodulation and brain

Suggest that the applications of LLLT are much broader than at first conceived (Briarcliiff High school, Briarcliff Manor, NY, USA, 2016 Dec 14th)

Photobiomodulation for traumatic brain injury and stroke.

(Wellman Center for photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 2017 Nov, 13th)

Brain Photobiomodulation Therapy: Commentary Review

There is also much research going on to PMB treat stroke, depression, dementia, and Parkinson's

Photobiomodulation Therapy effect: promotes neurogenesis by stimulating the neuroprogenitor cells

These findings provide strong support for the promising therapeutic effect of PBM on neuronal repair following ischemic stroke. (Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA 2017 Oct 19th)

Effects of Near-Infrared Light on Cerebral Bioenergetics Measured with Phosphorus Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.

(McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, 2017 August 1st)

Applying biomedicine in the bring: coupling of transient near infrared photonic with magnetic nanoparticle

Combined treatment strategies based on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with near infrared ray (NIR) biophotonic possess tremendous potential (Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA, 2016 July 28th)

Repeated transcranial low-level laser therapy for traumatic brain injury in mice: biphasic dose response and long-term treatment outcome.

In the research, controlled group with traumatic brain injury (TBI) gave a significant improvement in neurological/cognitive function (Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA, 2016 March 15th)

A Major Medical Problem That Could Be Treated Using Transcranial, Red/Near-Infrared LED Photobiomodulation

After 1 week of PBM treatment, TBI patients showed 1 hour of increased sleep. (VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, 2015 September 1st)

Beneficial neurocognitive effects of transcranial laser in older adults

(Department of psychology and institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA, 2017 May 2nd)

Significant improvements in cognitive performance using near-infrared light-emitting diode treatments in chronic, mild traumatic brain injury

Application of red/NIR light improves mitochondrial function (especially in hypoxic/compromised cells) promoting increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) important for cellular metabolism. Nitric oxide is released locally, increasing regional cerebral blood flow. Participants reported improved sleep, and fewer post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, if present. (VA, Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, 2014 June 1st)

Photobiomodulation-induced changes of Parkinson's disease

PBM shown to improve locomotor activity and to neuroprotect midbrain dopaminergic cells in rodent and monkey models of Parkinson's disease (Department of Anatomy F13, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Austrailia, 2017 March 15th)

Relationship of excess AB Plaque of the brain and Alzheimer’s

The use of PBM significantly reduced the presence of Aβ plaques and improved spatial memory and behavioral and motor skills in treated animals on day 21.

Treating cognitive impairment with transcranial low level laser therapy

Although laser therapy on human tissue has been used since the late 1960s, it is only recently that several clinical studies have shown its value in raising neurometabolic energy levels that can improve cerebral hemodynamics and cognitive abilities in humans.

Near-infrared ray treatment decreased astrogliosis of MPTP-treated mice

Result of NIr treatment showed that MPTP induced Astrogliosis have significantly decreased (Department of Anatomy, F13, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Austrailia, 2016 July 5th)

Absenteeism therapy reduces astrogliosis in monkeys processed with MPTP

(Department of Anatomy F13, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia, 2016년 7월 5일)

Cerebral Perfusion Enhancing Interventions: A New Strategy To Prevent Alzheimer Dementia.

Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are major risk factors in the development of cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease (AD). These cardio-cerebral disorders promote a variety of vascular risk factors which in the presence of advancing age are prone to markedly reduce cerebral perfusion and create a neuronal energy crisis (Departmnet of psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 2016 June 20th)

Near-infrared rays(670nm) reduce MPTP Parkinson's outbreaks

The results showed that behavioral problems decreased regardless of the timing of root treatment (CLINATEC, EJ Safra Centre, CEA, LETI, University of Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France, 2016)

Neuroprotective Effects Against POCD by Photobiomodulation

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a decline in memory following anaesthesia and surgery in elderly patients. Photobiomodulation (PBM) is an effective treatment for a number of conditions, including inflammation (University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Austrailia, 2016 Jan 11th)

The Potential of Near Infrared Light Therapy in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease.

“Here we propose NIr therapy as a neuroprotective or disease-modifying treatment for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's patients (Department of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia, 2016 Oct 19th)

Alterations of physiological rhythms in neurodegenerative disorders: problems and prospects of light therapy

Photobiomodulation effects of the low-energy laser and LED radiation is also considered as a potential tool for the rehabilitation of patients with various pathologies, yielding positive results in both PD and AD. (MedlinePlus Trusted Health Information for you, 2016 vol.96)

Effect of NIr on cell survival…

Deliver near-infrared light (NIr) to the midbrain of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats, a model of Parkinson's disease (CEA, Leti, and Clinatec Departments, University Grenoble Alpes, Minatec Campus, Grenoble, France; 2015 Nov 27th)

Photobiomodulation Suppresses Alpha-Synuclein-Induced Toxicity in model of Parkinson’s disease.

(Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de Québec, Axe Neuroscience et Département de Médecine Moléculaire de l'Université Laval, Québec, G1V4G2, Canada, 2015 Oct 20th)

Red and NIR light dosimetry in the human deep brain.

Photobiomodulation (PBM) appears promising to treat the hallmarks of Parkinson's Disease (PD) in cellular or animal models (Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, 2015, March 19th)

Quantitative analysis of light penetration in human cadaver brain tissue

Photobiomodulation (PBM) also known as low-level light therapy (LLLT) has been used successfully for the treatment of injury and disease of the nervous system. (LumiThera, Inc., Poulsbo, Washington, 98370, 2015 March 13th)

Photobiomodulation with near infrared light mitigates Alzheimer's disease-related pathology

Our results, in two transgenic mouse models, suggest that NIr may have potential as an effective, minimally-invasive intervention for mitigating, and even reversing, progressive cerebral degenerations (University of Sydney NSW 2006, Austrailia, 2014 Jan 3rd)

Mitochondrial respiration as a target for neuroprotection and cognitive enhancement.

Improving brain mitochondrial respiration is an important future direction in research and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other conditions associated with cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration. (USA; Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA, 2014 April 15th)

The impact of NIr on survival of Dopaminergic cell

NIr treatment saves dopaminergic cells in the parkinsonian condition (Discipline of Physiology, University of Sydney, Australia; Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Australia, 2013)

Low level light/Laser Therapy. LLLT and LED’s neurological and psychological APP...

Stimulation of lateral brain using red NIr light leads to transforming biological function or uses a non-destructive method to induce neurological treatment effect.

Near-infrared photobiomodulation in an animal model of traumatic brain injury: improvements

(Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA, 2012 July 13th)

Amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by photobiomodulation induced by 670 nm light

(Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America, 2012 Jan 24th)

Photobiomodulation enhances nigral dopaminergic cell survival in a chronic MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease

(Discipline of Anatomy & Histology F13, University of Sydney, Australia, 2012 Jan 28th)

Low-level light therapy of the eye and brain: supports that neuronal energy metabolism could constitute a major target for neurotherapeutics of the eye and brain.

Department of Psychology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 2011 Oct 14th)

Improved cognitive function after transcranial, light-- emitting diode treatments

Group with acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) or acute stroke gave a significant improvement in neurological/cognitive function (Boston Healthcare System , Boston, Massachusetts, 2010 Jan 23rd)

Transcranial photobiomodulation for major depressive disorder

“ Data collected to date, PBM appears to be a promising treatment for depression” (Massachusetts General Hospital 02114, 2016 March 4th)

Role of low-level laser therapy in neurorehabilitation

(Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA. 2010 Dec 2nd)

Light on one's head:the effect of PBM on brain disease

(Wellman Center for Photomedicine , Massachusetts hospital , Boston , MA 02114 , USA, 2016, JAN)

Red/Near-Infrared Light-Emitting Diode Therapy to Improve Cognition in Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury

(VA Boston Healthcare System (12-A) , Boston, Massachusetts, 2016 Dec 1st)

Improved cognitive function after transcranial, light-emitting diode treatments in chronic, traumatic brain injury: two case reports

Significant improvement was reported after applying LLLT to human moel with storke and a mouse model with acute TBI (VA Boston Healthcare System , Boston, Massachusetts, 2010 Dec 23rd)

Traumatic brain injury, neuroimaging, and neurodegeneration

(Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University Provo, UT, USA ; Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University Provo, UT, USA, 2013년 8월 6일)

Photobiomodulation directly benefits primary neurons functionally inactivated by toxins: role of cytochrome c oxidase

(Department of Cell Biology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA, 2004 Nov 22nd)

Chronic backache inflammation, Arthritis

Currently around 5,000 papers regarding LLLT called photobiomodulation have been published. From these papers, outstanding papers have been reported on the American national institute of health, national medical library (National Center for Biotechnology Information website – NCBI).

Click the link below to see the appropriate research at the NIH website. On the menu on the right of this website, you can read research papers that are similar to the mentioned above.

Infrared therapy for chronic low back pain

The IR therapy unit used was demonstrated to be effective in reducing chronic low back pain, and no adverse effects were observed. (George D Gale, Rothbart centre for pain care, North York, USA)

Unique Use of Near-Infrared Light Source to Treat Pain

All but one patient, including the authors, responded rapidly and significantly to the near-IR in one or two treatments without any adverse effects observed. (2012 May Everett Marc Lautin, MD, Radiology professor at Albert Einstein College of Medicine)

The Use of Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) For Musculoskeletal Pain

Acute orthopedic conditions such as sprains, strains, muscular back pain, cervical or lumbar radiculopathy, tendinitis and chronic conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, frozen shoulder, neck and back pain, epicondylitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, tendinopathy, fibromyalgia, plantar fasciitis, and chronic regional pain syndrome are amenable to LLLT (2015 June, James Carroll, Dermatology at Harvard University,

Comparative clinical study of light analgesic effect on temporomandibular disorder (TMD) using red and infrared led therapy.

(2015. 2. Panhoca, Sao Carlos Physics research (IFSC), University of San Paulo, Brazil)

Low-Level Laser Therapy for Temporomandibular Disorders

Suggests that LLLT effectively relieves pain and improves functional outcomes in patients with TMD. TMD is treated more effectively with LLLT than drug therapy.

Photobiomodulation of the microbiome: implications for metabolic and inflammatory diseases

(2019 March. Bicknell B Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, Health Sciences)

Low Level Laser Therapy in patients with chronic foot and ankle joint pain

(2019 March, Isu Kura H, Japan, Tokyo University, Rehabilitation medicine)

Low level laser therapy for chronic knee joint pain patients

(2014 Dec Nakamura T. Tokyo University Medical school rehabilitation medicine)

Photobiomodulation of the dorsal root ganglion for the treatment of low back pain

(2016.9. Holanda VM San Paulo university school of medicine)

Low-level laser therapy for acute neck pain with radiculopathy: a clinical study

LLLT strengthens muscle and stimulates muscle regeneration (2017 Nov. Germany Ostapczuk MS Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf)

Peripheral neuropathy and diabetes

Click the link below to see the appropriate research at the NIH website. On the menu on the right of this website, you can read research papers that are similar to the mentioned above.

The effect of photobiomodulation on chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: A randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial.

Among patients with CIPN, PBM produced significant reduction in neuropathy symptoms. (University of Minnesota Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of women’s health)

Effects of photobiomodulation on experimental models of peripheral nerve injury

LLLT is a viable phototherapeutic modality for the treatment of peripheral nerve injury, demonstrating positive effects on the neuromuscular repair process using either red or infrared light (Biophontonics graduate study program, Brazil Julho (UNINOVE) 2017.10)

Symptomatic reversal of peripheral neuropathy in patients with diabetes

49 consecutive subjects with established diabetic peripheral neuropathy were treated with monochromatic near-infrared photo energy (MIRE), which demonstrated 98% treatment effect (The Medical Center of Aurora, Aurora, CO, USA, 2002 March, vol. 92)

Reversal of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and new wound incidence: the role of MIRE

Improved foot sensitivity and reduced incidence of new diabetic foot wounds. (Northwest Orthopedic Center, Springdale, AR, USA, 2004 July 1st)

Restoration of sensation, reduced pain, and improved balance in subjects with diabetic peripheral neuropathy

To determine whether treatments with the ATS would decrease pain and/or improve sensation diminished due to DPN under a sham-controlled, double-blind protocol (Joslin Center for Diabetes, Morton Plant Mease Healthcare, Clearwater, Florida 33756, USA, 2004 Jan 27th)

The restorative effects of pulsed infrared light therapy on significant loss of peripheral protective sensation in patients with long-term type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Pulsed infrared light therapy (PILT) has been shown to increase peripheral sensation in diabetic patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) (Physical Therapy Department, East Tennessee State University, 70624, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA, 2006 May, Vol. 4)

Photobiomodulation Inhibits Long-term Structural and Functional Lesions of Diabetic Retinopathy

(Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio state Medical studies. 2018 Feb)

Laser photobiomodulation in pressure ulcer healing of human diabetic patients

Analyzing the gene expression of inflammatory/reparative factors (Biological and Health Sciences, 2018 Jan)

New insights into the treatment of non-healing diabetic foot ulcers

Innovative treatment options currently available in the treatment of non-healing DFUs (Professor and Associate Dean, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Sciences 2018.12)

Cell Adhesion Molecules are Mediated by Photobiomodulation at 660 nm in Diabetic Wounded Fibroblast Cells

(2018 April Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg)

Autoimmune disease and more

Currently around 5,000 papers regarding LLLT called photobiomodulation have been published. From these papers, outstanding papers have been reported on the American national institute of health, national medical library (National Center for Biotechnology Information website – NCBI).

Click the link below to see the appropriate research at the NIH website. On the menu on the right of this website, you can read research papers that are similar to the mentioned above.

Amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice by photobiomodulation induced by 670 nm light.

Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America.2012.7

Mechanisms and applications of the anti-inflammatory effects of photobiomodulation

(Photomedicine, Massachusetts general hospital, BAR414, 40 Flower street, Boston, MA 02114 Wellman center, Harvard Medical School, department of Dermatology, Boston, MA 02115, USA)

Photobiomodultion for the treatment of retinal injury and retinal degenerative diseases.

( Authors: Janis T. Eells, Kristina D. DeSmet, Diana K. Kirk, Margaret Wong-Riley, Harry T. Whelan, James Ver Hoeve)

A clinical review of phototherapy for psoriasis Psoriasis is an autoimmune inflammatory skin disease.

(Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical school Dermatology, Boston, 02114, MA, USA, 2018 Jan.)

Photobiomodulation induced by 670 nm light ameliorates MOG35-55 induced EAE in female C57BL/6 mice

Effect of 670nm light treatment on nitrosative stress (Wisconsin, Milwaukee – Milwaukee University medical school life science 2013 June)

Light therapy to treat autoimmune disease

(Jeri-Anne Lyons, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 2015 April)

Pre-/Post-exercise

Currently around 5,000 papers regarding LLLT called photobiomodulation have been published. From these papers, outstanding papers have been reported on the American national institute of health, national medical library (National Center for Biotechnology Information website – NCBI).

Click the link below to see the appropriate research at the NIH website. On the menu on the right of this website, you can read research papers that are similar to the mentioned above.

Correlation of PBM (Photobiomodulation) and enhancement of sports ability:

PBM can increase muscle mass gained after training, and decrease inflammation and oxidative stress in muscle biopsies (2016 12 Hamblin MR Massachusetts General Hospital)

Study on optimal PBM output in sports recovery; about Near-Infrared ray wavelength

(2017 Nov. Leal-Junior ECP Norway Bergen University School of Medicine)

Protection of skeletal muscles from ischemic injury:

Low-level laser therapy increases antioxidant activity

Effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB signaling pathway in traumatized muscle

(Department of Physiotherapy and Physiology, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Brazil. 2006 8)

Effects of low-level laser therapy (808 nm)

On isokinetic muscleperformance of young women submitted to endurance training: a randomized controlled clinical trial

Does Phototherapy Enhance Skeletal Muscle Contractile Function and Post-exercise Recovery?

Phototherapy administered before a bout of resistance exercise was shown to provide ergogenic effect to skeletal muscle by improving physical performance and improving the clearance of blood lactate immediately after exercise. (2013 Jan. Applied physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville)

Effect of low-level laser therapy (880nm) on skeletal muscle after endurance exercise training

(2015 Nov, Fernandes KR Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo University of Sao Paulo)

830 nm light-emitting diode (led) phototherapy significantly reduced return-to-play time in injured athlete

(2016 March, Foley J: Lehigh University, Bethlehem, USA, Lehigh University Sports Medicine Department)

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